Therefore, the issue of low-abundance proteins analysis should be studied in the near future. Even though MS-based techniques have been used in proteome science for a long time, there are still no uniform workflows and procedures. science may be essential in novel biomarkers discovery, therapy decisions, progression predication, monitoring of drug response or resistance. Despite the fact that proteomics has many to offer, we also discussed some limitations occur in ovarian cancer studies. Main difficulties concern both complexity and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer and drawbacks of the mass spectrometry strategies. This review summarizes challenges, capabilities, and promises of the mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques in ovarian cancer ABT-199 (Venetoclax) management. strong class=”kwd-title” Keywords: Ovarian cancer, Proteomics, Biomarkers, Drug-resistance, Diagnostics Background Ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer (OC) causes about 125,000 deaths each year, which corresponds to over 4% of women cancer deaths worldwide [1, 2]. Only 5C10% of the OC cases are hereditary [3, 4]. OC tumors generally originate from other gynecological tissues than ovaries. Interestingly, tumors involves the ovary tissue secondarily [5]. However, despite several hypotheses of the OC origin, understanding its pathogenesis is still insufficient. Therefore, it has become a widely researched topic in the field of molecular sciences, which may influence modern medicine. Unfortunately, even though progress is made in prevention, development of novel tools for early diagnosis and improvement of pharmacological therapies, the survival rate for OC remains poor. Patients often experience some symptoms but these are ignored or overlap with other ailments. Premalignant phase is difficult to recognize. A lack of sufficient screening options results in late detection. Despite successful surgery and appropriate treatment based on intravenous or intraperitoneal platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, diagnosis at advanced stages lowers 5-year survival rate to 27% [6]. This is caused by at least two factors: disease extension and biological differences in widely disseminated tumors [7]. Currently, less than 40% of all diagnosed OC cases are cured. However, if the diagnosis was made at the first stage of the disease, treatment could be limited to a surgical intervention alone [8]. Proteomics in cancer biomarker discovery The improvement in Comics sciences, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, has opened a new research chapter, which is expected to develop novel tools for early diagnosis, treatment monitoring or population screening [9, 10]. Fundamentally, cancerogenesis is associated with a genetic defect and epigenetic changes [11]. Many studies suggest that germline mutations in Breast Cancer Gene 1 (BRCA1) (17q21, chromosome 17: base pairs 43,044,294 to 43,125,482) and Breast Cancer Gene 2 (BRCA2) (13q12.3, chromosome 13: base pairs 32,315,479 to 32,399,671) are associated with a risk of breast and ovarian cancer [12]. Moreover, in epithelial OC some sporadic BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may occur, including BRCA1 hypermethylation [13]. Currently, it is thought that BRCA could be a useful prognostic marker only in combination with other biomarkers [14]. Since proteins are expressed by genes, and they are functional factors in phenotype characterization, the study of proteome profiles may yield information crucial for cancer research. Predictive markers could increase our understanding of molecular procedures and pathological systems, which really is a dire want in modern medication [15]. Sporadic molecular mutations that take place during abnormal mobile proliferation bring about changes in proteins secretion, degradation or Rabbit Polyclonal to STA13 modification. As a result, in-depth proteomics evaluation of varied biosamples (e.g., serum, plasma, urine, tissue) extracted from cancers sufferers may facilitate the analysis of tumorigenesis, therapy monitoring, and advancement of book targeted treatments. Nevertheless, biomarker breakthrough could be complicated, considering that biomarker should improve utilized diagnostic strategies presently, boost their specificity and awareness, provide optimum treatment, match disease stage, and become common in biofluids [16] also. Up to now, proteomics methods have got revealed a large number of potential cancers biomarkers. A lot of the protein suggested in the books seeing that useful substances remain awaiting proper validation clinically. Hypothesis-testing is among the most critical ABT-199 (Venetoclax) areas of the cancers research. Another challenge in biomarker discovery is normally optimization and standardization of protocols. Some strategies are ABT-199 (Venetoclax) seen as a low reproducibility and accuracy, which is connected with poor research design [17]. Furthermore, a couple of biological challenges like sample variability or also.